So the colors in the image are 100% light blue and brown. However, the brown is the same brown as faded black clothing. Given the context clues of that faded black color, the faded blue color, and the lighting situation in the background, it can be inferred that the dress is a blue and black dress under harsh warm light. I don’t think anyone has ever seen a deep black or blue in the image, I think it’s just some people’s brains are better at picking up the signs of hash warm light than others.

I have never been able to see that colors as gold/white, because the background doesn’t imply that the lighting would tint the white that blue. It would be pretty complicated a setup to get the background to look like that while the foreground is both shaded and hit by cool bounce lighting. Whereas it’s easy to imagine it as a room that has a lot of morning/afternoon sunlight coming in a window.

By saying that you see brown and definitely not black suggests that you are also unable to pick up the details that reveal the lighting situation.