Civil rights advocates say they are concerned that the Trump administration will penalize pro-Palestinian students who have not violated any laws or expressed support for Hamas. They also are expressing concern about the use of AI, a new technology that has advanced even since Oct. 7, to surveil students.

Advocates for and against the administration’s efforts both say they expect them to wind up in court. For now, though, the crackdown is already creating a chill on college campuses, according to the NPR report, which found that some foreign students are increasingly hesitant about participating in any pro-Palestinian events, even when they are not demonstrations against Israel.