Do we at this point have any substantial data on just how many users Reddit actually lost due to this?

Any resources would be greatly appreciated.

As a sidenote, I’ll add that they certainly lost my account the second I couldn’t use RiF anymore.

  • Double_A@discuss.tchncs.de
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    112
    arrow-down
    2
    ·
    1 year ago

    You probably can’t judge the loss in user count anyway. 99% of the users never actively contribute anything, not even upvotes or so.

    • NoisyFlake@feddit.de
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      80
      arrow-down
      4
      ·
      1 year ago

      I tend to disagree. Most of the users that actually cared enough about the API changes to make the switch to Lemmy were powerusers. I think most casual lurkers use the official app anyway and didn’t care about the protests.

      • Mushroom444@sh.itjust.works
        link
        fedilink
        English
        arrow-up
        118
        arrow-down
        1
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        Hell naw, I’m a lurker (on Reddit). I used Apollo because I’m an IT guy and I can’t stand ads.

        I feel like I actually should start interacting here though, because I’m not being over spoken / silenced by AI bots and algorithms

        Edit: I am already halfway to my number of updoots on my Reddit account of 7 years… it’s working! Be the change you want to see!

        • esty@lemmy.ca
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          11
          ·
          1 year ago

          nevermind AIs, people will dogpile you and just generally be dicks over on that site even over something innocuous, and it’s great being somewhere that spectre isn’t hanging over your head

          • samus12345@lemmy.world
            link
            fedilink
            English
            arrow-up
            3
            ·
            1 year ago

            Yeah, sometimes I look over there to see how it’s doing, and the comments are even more toxic than I remembered. It’s undeniable that a large chunk of the people who left were the decent ones.

      • Platomus@lemm.ee
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        46
        ·
        1 year ago

        I had an 8 year old account with a few hundred thousand karma, deleted it on July 1st once BaconReader went down.

        Switching to Lemmy makes me want to participate even more and hopefully foster more people to join.

        • zabil@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          24
          ·
          1 year ago

          I had an active 11 year old account that I deleted.

          The final straw for me was an interaction with a ham fisted admin these last few days. It really and honestly is a toxic environment there, and the admins are following the lead from Spez, so it’s deeply embedded into the culture.

        • Moohamin12@lemm.ee
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          21
          ·
          1 year ago

          The karma is such a psychological thing.

          In real life, it translates to nothing. But it makes it just that slightly harder to close an account.

      • j4k3@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        26
        ·
        1 year ago

        All I can say is I was one of the technical users that asked obscure questions that had no relevant results when searching before posting, and I tried to answer any questions I could. I haven’t even visited reddit since the 9th of June and I never will visit it again. All of my searches on the internet include “-reddit” now too. I don’t care, fuck spez. My password was saved in Infinity, I don’t remember it, and I don’t want to. Whenever someone starts a class action lawsuit over CCPA I’ll file and join.

      • Risk@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        17
        arrow-down
        3
        ·
        1 year ago

        Now I understand where the negativity came from from some redditors; Lemmy is really not lurker friendly, you can’t just browse All as easily and see quick dopamine hits.

      • Double_A@discuss.tchncs.de
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        9
        ·
        1 year ago

        Yes, that’s what I meant. Reddit lost all the power users, which were just a small percentage of all users. So in numbers it doesn’t look too bad for reddit, but it actually is bad because they lost the good users which actually provide content.

      • fuklu@lemmy.fmhy.ml
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        9
        ·
        1 year ago

        Power users are the ones who build value on reddit, so with their loss the standard users will get less out of reddit over time and likely use it less.

      • mstrk@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        7
        ·
        1 year ago

        Hey, I’m a lurker and I used the official app (un-installed it the day I created an account on fedi, it was shit anyway). There’s still a moral ground attached to this. I don’t browse reddit anymore, and I did a final post in a niche community that I really like, a couple of weeks or so, in an attempt to lead them here, because I do miss that community and I contributed more there. There’s a bunch of good reasons people could stop using reddit, but imho what matters is that we build our communities in fedi and just forget about what happens to reddit.

      • comfortablyglum@sh.itjust.works
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        7
        ·
        1 year ago

        This is anecdotal, but I was neither an app user or a moderator on reddit, but I decided to leave when Huffman became an ass to the mods. I think you underestimate the chance to protest against corporate assholes.

      • Side_Quest@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        English
        arrow-up
        5
        ·
        1 year ago

        Hopefully you’re right about the majority, but I’m also a lurker and it took me a single day without Apollo filtering away the ads for me to delete my few posts, my account, and throw in my lot with all of you! Can’t stand liars.

      • Rannoch@lemm.ee
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        5
        ·
        1 year ago

        I disagree from what I’ve seen so far. Most of the discussions I’ve seen lately about newly migrated reddit users have been folks who were lurkers or mostly lurkers. I myself used to be active on reddit years ago, but have been a lurker for a good 6-7+ years now or so. I think you’re correct as of a few weeks ago when powerusers may have migrated earlier, but I think the migration post-API implementation has been a large amount of non-powerusers. Of course, users that are 100% casual, and don’t have accounts at all or only rarely used Reddit, and might not even be aware of what’s going on, those folks I’m sure didn’t really move.

  • Quentinp@lemmy.ca
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    84
    arrow-down
    1
    ·
    1 year ago

    No real way to tell, but I don’t think it would be immediately noticeable on Reddit. Like the satisfying “we killed reddit” probably isn’t going to happen. On the other hand, being here clearly have discoverd the Fediverse as replacement, so IMO it doesn’t matter what happens to Reddit now. (Not to say the drama/any issues Reddit ends up with won’t be endlessly entertaining)

    • mustardman@discuss.tchncs.de
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      31
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      Like the satisfying “we killed reddit” probably isn’t going to happen.

      I used to think this until all of the recent blows they have had, such as the IAmA losses and Microsoft withdrawing their Minecraft support. With advertisers withdrawing and users leaving, I think they are going to have problems covering operating expenses in the near term that could lead to an implosion due to lack of funds.

      Before all this started, Fidelity’s Reddit investment was devalued pretty heavily and they have had profitability issues. Tech companies in general are having investor problems due to interest rates so Reddit have problems is going to really scare away any risk-adverse investors. They have proven they cannot control their user base (which is good news for users) which scares advertisers away from content unfriendly to their interests. They just doubled their employees from like 1000 to 2000 in the past couple of years, which just adds astronomically to their operating expenses.

      I think they make about $500 million in revenue and are still in the red. Even minor changes to this expense/income ratio can cause issues that make them suddenly insolvent with no one to bail them out.

    • sulungskwa@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      14
      ·
      1 year ago

      I definitely think getting interested in the fediverse is a long game. Think the death of Facebook. It was a slow burn between 2016 and 2020, involving lots of different communities moving at different times for different reasons

      • Quentinp@lemmy.ca
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        11
        ·
        1 year ago

        But…Facebook isn’t dead. I mean it’s dead to me, but it’s still going quite strong.

        • sulungskwa@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          6
          ·
          1 year ago

          Really? Feels like a graveyard when I log in. I mean everyone over 65 still uses it and there are a lot of weird holdouts but all my friends moved over to instagram, which is so much worse than facebook ever was IMO

            • sulungskwa@lemmy.world
              link
              fedilink
              arrow-up
              1
              ·
              1 year ago

              The secret sauce though is that one out of every 3 reels is ragebait. just a different kind that you cant get away from because you’re so addicted to the scroll feature

        • Got_Bent@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          4
          ·
          1 year ago

          I mean it’s dead to me

          Exactly. Whether or not Facebook or Reddit or Netflix or Twitter survive, thrive, or perish is irrelevant to me.

          What matters is that they won’t profit off my data, they won’t sell any ads from my activity, and they won’t get a penny more of subscription money out of me.

          If others wish to continue diving down those rabbit holes, that’s on them.

  • kromem@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    70
    ·
    1 year ago

    Well you can take the knowledge that Lemmy.world grew 60% following it, look at current numbers for the server, and know at least around 60% of that number has shifted some of their media habits away from Reddit.

    But the full picture is unknowable outside Reddit corporate.

    Probably more than spez was anticipating though…

    • kiddblur@lemm.ee
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      24
      ·
      1 year ago

      But probably not enough to make a bit immediate impact on Reddit. I’m more interested in long term impact, seeing if the people who left were big contributors, or just mostly lurkers

      • shadesdk@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        4
        ·
        1 year ago

        Same here. 13 years and 3 months on Reddit, but deleted my account in the 1st of July, and switched to Lemmy. It has it’s challenges related to the federation, mostly I foresee confusion about users with same name, having to run multiple accounts and maintain multiple subscription lists for some purposes and ofc the current performance/resource issues, but so far it’s working out. I miss a few nice subreddits but hopefully they will arrive.

        • reedthompson @reddthat.com
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          1
          ·
          1 year ago

          That’s a good question about users with the same name. I haven’t wanted to try other instances because I thought I’d need to think up multiple new usernames… But maybe I don’t? Interesting.

          • shadesdk@lemmy.world
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            1
            ·
            1 year ago

            You can have the same name across multiple instances. I assume in the background there is a @yourinstance.tld as part of the name, but all the clients I’ve seen show just the initial part of it. I could see some impersonation and confusion issues.

    • MadWorks@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      10
      ·
      1 year ago

      Not only Lemmy but other instances and other sites as well. I know squabbles grew by quite a bit, beehaw grew, and so did Tildes. But unless we were able to gather information from everywhere, it’s impossible to know. What is heartening is that we do know that it was not an insignificant amount.

  • Cynar@feddit.uk
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    54
    ·
    1 year ago

    https://the-federation.info/platform/73

    The numbers do speak for themselves.

    While it’s not huge, compared to reddits numbers, it’s a massive boost to lemmy. A lot of those leaving are more likely more active users. It’s bootstrapped Lemmy into a viable platform. It now has a critical mass of users to generate content.

    • andxze@reddthat.comOP
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      6
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      Thanks for this. Those numbers indeed speak for themselves.

      From a personal point of view the more I use Lemmy the more I like it. There are a lot of QoL features I really think is better here. Like this built in reply window, for instance.

    • moup@lemm.ee
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      7
      arrow-down
      2
      ·
      1 year ago

      The Active Users Ratio graph is not filling me with hope - if I’m reading it correctly there isn’t increased activity, just increased sign ups.

      • JustARegularNerd@aussie.zone
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        16
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        I want to comment and submit content, I just feel like I don’t have anything of value to share. That tends to be why I lurk. Not sure if that’s the case for most other lurkers.

        • reffugit@lemmy.fmhy.ml
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          3
          ·
          1 year ago

          I was mostly a lurker on reddit, but as others have inspired me to do, I comment and have made a couple of posts to help generate content.

        • Saneless@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          2
          ·
          1 year ago

          Yeah we’d need to know post rate % or avg posts per posting user to understand what’s up.

          Maybe 40% of reddit is lurkers? Maybe 5%?

        • Skink@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          1
          ·
          1 year ago

          That’s certainly the reason I mainly lurk, I don’t have anything of value to add at the moment. When I do I definitely plan to create some content.

        • MrJ2k@lemmy.world
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          8
          ·
          1 year ago

          “Fuck you, I will do no such thing” he said. Cunningly marking his first post on the new platform.

          • Indie@lemmy.fmhy.ml
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            2
            ·
            1 year ago

            That is utterly ridiculous! Your first post shouldn’t be created to squabble. This is not reddit!

            /S

      • CustodialTeapot@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        8
        ·
        1 year ago

        Total users have sky rocketed and iirc like 90% of users/people who log in to say vote, save and subscribe to communities are lurkers. Hell, I’ve been “lurking” since I’ve signed up.

        Since there’s such a spike in users, and prior to the Reddit death, most users were power users. I’m surprised that the active user ratio didn’t decrease. (My 90% lurker figure would give a 0.1 ratio). The fact it near increased by .05 instead is wild.

  • notapantsday@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    48
    ·
    1 year ago

    I didn’t fully quit reddit, but I’m going to Lemmy first and foremost and rarely go back to reddit for very specific communities. My reddit usage dropped by 90+% probably, but I’m not completely gone.

    I’m sure the same is true for many other users as well, so simply counting the number of (active) users then and now won’t get even close to the actual loss in traffic and participation.

    • Sivar@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      9
      arrow-down
      1
      ·
      1 year ago

      Same here. Since I was an Apollo user, there’s no loss of revenue though, and I haven’t posted much, barely any loss of new content.

    • Rozz@lemmy.sdf.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      5
      ·
      1 year ago

      I haven’t gone back to Reddit yet, but I’m sure I will at sometime for, like you said, some of the smaller communities or something specific I may not be able to find here for now. I’ll stay here as much as I can though, I’m sure it will only improve.

  • Mammal@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    46
    ·
    1 year ago

    At least three: You, me, and some person who built this platform.

    Disclaimer: It’s entirely possible two of the above individuals are bots.

  • 𝐘Ⓞz҉@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    39
    arrow-down
    1
    ·
    1 year ago

    Eventually but at the moment most users are using both Lemmy and Reddit but soon the quality of content will shift from reddit to Lemmy and that will be the end of reddit. Post quality memes, questions and answers to kill reddit quickly

    • Klear@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      28
      ·
      1 year ago

      Post quality memes, questions and answers to kill reddit quickly

      Uhhh, about that…

      *hides beans*

      • Windexhammer@lemmy.world
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        2
        ·
        1 year ago

        imagines himself as an old man, picking at his ears “Ay? Wassat? Post quality beans?” Shrugging, and humbling under my breath while going to the cupboard to take a photo… “Not sure how that’ll help, but I’ll do me best.”

    • hungry_freaks_daddy@lemm.ee
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      23
      arrow-down
      1
      ·
      1 year ago

      I hadn’t saved a meme from Reddit in a looooong time.

      Joined lemmy July 1st and have been filling my phone with memes.

      This place seriously reminds me of old Reddit. We don’t need a huge influx of users. Maybe just a few more but it’s pretty much perfect as is.

      • angrylittlekitty@lemmy.one
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        13
        ·
        1 year ago

        this ^^. even if we peel off 5% in a relatively even scrape across all the interests that’s enough content for me to scratch the itch daily.

        • Beemo Dinosaurierfuß@feddit.de
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          7
          ·
          1 year ago

          Generally I agree, but one of the things that was actually pretty cool about reddit were the smaller niche subs.
          Some of them though were just too niche and small and thus pretty dead even with Reddits huge userbase.

          And while I am pretty optimistic in general, I am a bit afraid that it will be harder to find active communities for niche interests if Lemmys userbase were to stay the current size.

          But hey let’s stay positive and active here and spread the word and we can grow into the perfect size, which doesn’t necessarily need to be reddit-behemoth size.

  • dhork@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    38
    ·
    1 year ago

    It’s going to be hard to tell definitively, because so much traffic on the major platforms like Reddit are bots. As a percentage of overall traffic, the reduction may only be a few percentage points.

    But all that traffic that is leaving are from Actual Humans. Humans who cared enough about their interactions to have preferences about how they engaged with Reddit. In a few years, Reddit will just be a bunch of bots talking to each other.

    • BlinkAndItsGone@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      11
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      One of the founders of Reddit mentioned in an interview a while back that it was all bots when it started, to give the illusion of being populated when it was too new to have any users except the people who worked on it. From bots it came, and to bots it will return. The circle of life.

  • fresh@lemm.ee
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    34
    ·
    edit-2
    1 year ago

    I’ve been keeping track of this tracker and since July 1, peak comments/post per minute have definitely gone down. Although as the site mentions, you really shouldn’t draw any firm conclusions from that. Just interesting to see.

  • Fauzruk@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    35
    arrow-down
    2
    ·
    1 year ago

    This is impossible to know. It is more important to see what Lemmy is getting more so than what Reddit is loosing. At least on the fediverse the number is realistic and not something for the shareholders.

    • LocutusOfBeetleBorg@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      4
      ·
      1 year ago

      Couldn’t agree more. People here need to be okay with the possibility that Reddit continues to be popular even though it will continue to be the same scummy company that treats its users like cattle. Those of us who care about that kind of stuff are a minority of the users. There are likely tens of thousands of people who lurk Reddit, click the ads, and don’t even know about the API debacle… and that’s okay, we should all let it go.

  • Clbull@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    33
    ·
    1 year ago

    I think it’s a good chunk but not enough to outright kill the site.

    The shitshow that was Spez’s AMA certainly drove away a few users, but I think many more were hoping that they’d dial back the API changes at the eleventh hour to allow third-party apps to at least coexist.

  • zos_kia@lemmy.fmhy.ml
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    33
    arrow-down
    1
    ·
    1 year ago

    This is not public information, you won’t know anything about that until the next quarterly reports. That being said if you go to the front page right now it seems pretty much like business as usual.

    • ironic_elk@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      24
      ·
      1 year ago

      To be fair, with a website as huge as reddit, a 25% or even 50% decrease in user activity probably won’t be that noticeable from someone like us. Instead of 2 million posts a day, it’s not now 1 million. Or instead of 500k, it’s 250k. None of those are knew we could feasibly differentiate.

      Maybe if you sit on r/all and keep track of how fast new posts are moving, but even then, the algorithm may still just move the same number of posts up and down the main pages. So even then, it would be hard to tell if usage is down.

      Now obviously there’s no way it’s down that much. It’s significantly lower. But I’m just saying even if we pretend that it was down that much, it would look like business as usual.

      Also, either way, I’m still glad to find this place. It feels nicer and offers what I wanted in a way reddit couldn’t.

      • Teppic@kbin.social
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        14
        ·
        1 year ago

        A saw a post a while back commenting on how many upvotes it was taking to get onto the front page of r/all having dropped, but not sure if there is any way to see stats from before API changes now.

        • athos77@kbin.social
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          9
          ·
          edit-2
          1 year ago

          One of the people on (I think) modcoord noted that for years reddit has allowed moderators to look at traffic stats for their subreddit. And that the traffic stats are no longer available; the last day they could access was … June 30.

          I’m sure that’s just a coincidence, though …

        • lazyvar
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          1
          ·
          1 year ago

          Interesting.

          Just now I checked r/all and I indeed notice generally lower karma counts on the first page.

          Many are sub 10k, which feels rather low.

      • zos_kia@lemmy.fmhy.ml
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        7
        ·
        1 year ago

        Yeah you’re right that it wouldn’t be immediately noticeable but just because a few thousands of us jumped to Lemmy doesn’t mean there is any significant change on reddit. I checked on my most active communities and all the usual suspects are there, posting and commenting as usual. The amount of people that left reddit are probably a fraction of a percent.

          • HipPriest@kbin.social
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            8
            ·
            1 year ago

            Precisely, the importance is if the mods stick around or not.

            One sub I was in the Mod basically said a few weeks ago ‘I’ve had it with this, no offense guys but just run it how you want from now on’I’m retiring’. The users didn’t turn it into a protest sub but somehow it’s worse than that because it’s repetitive and boring.

            So there’s a few old hands sticking around but I doubt there’ll be new people joining it. And I think that will be true for a lot of unmoderated subs, they won’t all get full of porn and spam, they’ll just become much less interesting

          • zos_kia@lemmy.fmhy.ml
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            3
            ·
            1 year ago

            Out of the hundreds of millions of redditors i’m sure some people will pick up the slack of content creation and moderation. Now will they do a good enough job ? I don’t know, i bet spez is betting they will, but only time will tell.

    • RestrictedAccount@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      11
      ·
      1 year ago

      The quality of the obscure subs is dropping. Ironically, this is actually what is valuable to the LLMs.

      The front page is mostly twitter and TikTok anyway.

    • Jon-H558@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      4
      ·
      1 year ago

      Frontpage by the very way it works will always be the same it picks up the top content, and even if a larger portion left would still leave plenty of posts. The forntpage worked 10 years ago when it was 10% the size.

      It is looking at the mid size subs that will be interesting

    • sunshine@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      3
      ·
      1 year ago

      It looks different for me - I didn’t want to go back, so I just installed Reddit Enhancement Suite and the old.reddit redirect and disabled my ad blockers for it, and sure enough it looks like garbage now so it’s easy to remember not to use it.

  • Crampon@lemmy.world
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    30
    arrow-down
    1
    ·
    1 year ago

    I quit reddit on my phone, and I’m never looking back. I’m still browsing Reddit with RES on my PCs though. So a drastic reduction in use.

    Reddit feels like different now compared to a week ago. Browsing a new fresh site opened my eyes to how shit r/all are. Even with blocked subreddits a new hate fueled subreddit emerges every week.

  • gooddaytodayhere@vlemmy.net
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    29
    arrow-down
    1
    ·
    1 year ago

    I don’t think Reddit is imploding overnight but there seems to be an element of death by a thousand cuts happening. I’ve left and burned out three old usernames and over ten years worth of posts/comments. I’ll still use it to find answers to things but increasingly over the last month the threads are peppered with deleted comments and gaps

    • Staiden@lemmy.dbzer0.com
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      3
      ·
      1 year ago

      I’ve stopped using it to look for answers to things. I’ve found that I can find all answers to games, electronics and such elsewhere. I may have to do a minute more digging. I deleted all my comments and quit going when the blackout happened.

      • fuser@quex.cc
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        3
        ·
        1 year ago

        Somebody asked for soldering tips on Lemmy today and got several thoughtful responses within 5 minutes. That’s pretty amazing compared to the feed a few weeks ago.

    • Isthisreddit@lemmy.world
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      8
      ·
      1 year ago

      Yeah RIF was my go-to for years. Reddit is just not the same experience anymore, so I’m basically done with reddit going forward. Alternative or bust

    • Wxnzxn@lemmy.ml
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      2
      ·
      1 year ago

      For me, interestingly enough, it still works when I am logged out. I am still using it to skim the Ukraine live thread on worldnews or other news stuff, but it lost me as an active participant in any way (including voting on content).