That seems like a really big downside to me. The whole point of locking down your dependencies and using something like renovate is that you can know exactly what version was used of everything at any given point in time.

If you work in a team in software, being able to exactly reproduce any prior version is both very useful and consider basically required in modern development. NixOS can be used to that that to the entire system for a Linux distro (it is an interesting project but there are parts of it I dislike, I hope someone takes those ideas and make it better). Circling back to the original topic: I don’t see why deploying images should be any different.

I do want to give Komodo a try though, hadn’t heard about it. Need to check if it supports podman though.

I haven’t used Komodo, but would it commit to the updated docker files to git? Or just use the “latest” tag and follow that? In the latter case you can’t easily roll back, nor do you have a reproducible setup.

The standard library does have some specialisation internally for certain iterators and collection combinations. Not sure if it will optimise that one specifically, but Vec::into_iter().collect::<Vec>() is optimised (it may look silly, but it comes up with functions returning impl Iterator

Hm, that is a fair point. Perhaps it would make sense to produce a table of checks: indicate which checks each dependency fails/passes, and then colour code them with severity.

Some experimentation on real world code is probably needed. I plan to try this tool on my own projects soon (after I manually verified that your crate match your git code (hah! Bootstrap problem), I already reviewed your code on github and it seemed to do what it claims).

Yes, obviously there are more ways to hide malicious code.

As for the git commit ID, I didn’t see you using it even when it was available though? But perhaps that could be a weakness, if the commit ID used does not match the tag in the repo, that would be a red flag too. That could be worth checking.

Due to the recent xz trouble I presume? Good idea, I was thinking about this on an ecosystem wise scale (e.g. all of crates.io or all of a Linux distro) which is a much harder problem to solve.

Not sure if the tag logic is needed though. I thought cargo embedded the commit ID in the published package?

Also I’m amazed that the name cargo-goggles was available.

Please, send an email to [email protected] to report this issue to them, they usually fix things quickly.

Sure, but my point was that such a C ABI is a pain. There are some crates that help:

• Rust-C++: cxx and autocxx
• Rust-Rust: stabby or abi_stable

But without those and just plain bindgen it is a pain to transfer any types that can’t easily just be repr(C), and there are quite a few such types. Enums with data for example. Or anything using the built in collections (HashMap, etc) or any other complex type you don’t have direct control over yourself.

So my point still stands. FFI with just bindgen/cbindgen is a pain, and lack of stable ABI means you need to use FFI between rust and rust (when loading dynamically).

In fact FFI is a pain in most languages (apart from C itself where it is business as usual… oh wait that is the same as pain, never mind) since you are limited to the lowest common denominator for types except in a few specific cases.

Yes, rust is that much of a pain in this case, since you can only safely pass plain C compatible types across the plugin boundary.

One reason is that rust doesn’t have stable layouts of structs and enums, the compiler is free to optimise the to avoid padding by reordering, decide which parts to use as niches for Options etc. And yes, that changes every now and then as the devs come up with new optimisations. I think it changes most recently last summer.

So there is a couple of options for plugins in Rust (and I haven’t tried any of them, yet):

• Wasm, supposedly https://extism.org/ makes this less painful.
• libloading + C ABI
• One of the two stable ABI crates (stabby or abi_stable) + libloading
• If you want to build them into your code base but not have to update a central list there is linkme and inventory.
• An embedded scripting language might also be a (very different) option. Something like mlua, rhai or rune.

I don’t know if any of these suit your needs, but at least you now have some things to investigate further.

Sounds interesting! As I don’t know restic that this is apparently based on, what are the differentiating factors between them? While I’m always on board for a rewrite in Rust in general, I’m curious as to if there is anything more to it than that.

EDIT: seems this is already answered in the FAQ, my bad.

With native code I mean machine code. That is indeed usually produced by C or C++, though there are some other options too, notably Rust and Go both also compile to native machine code rather than some sort of byte code. In contrast Java, C# and Python all compile to various byte code representations (that are usually much higher level and thus easier to figure out).

You could of course also have hand written assembly code, but that is rare these days outside a few specific critical functions like memcpy or media encoders/decoders.

I basically learnt as I went, googling things I needed to figure out. I was goal oriented in this case: I wanted to figure out how some particular drivers worked on a particular laptop so I could implement the same thing on Linux. I had heard of and used ghidra briefly before (during a capture the flag security competition at univerisity). I didn’t really want to use it here though to ensure I could be fully in the clear legally. So I focused on tracing instead.

I did in fact write up what I found out. Be warned it is a bit on the vague side and mostly focuses on the results I found. I did plan a followup blog post with more details on the process as well as more things I figured out about the laptop, but never got around to it. In particular I did eventually figure out power monitoring and how to read the fan speed. Here is a link if you are interested to what I did write: https://vorpal.se/posts/2022/aug/21/reverse-engineering-acpi-functionality-on-a-toshiba-z830-ultrabook/

The term you are looking for in general is “reverse engineering”. For software in particular you are looking at disassembly, decompilation and various forms of tracing and debugging.

As for particular software: For .NET there is ILSpy that can help you look into how things work. For native code I have used Ghidra in the past.

Native code is a lot more effort to understand. In both cases things like variable names names will be gone. Most function names will be missing (even more so for native code). Type names too. For native code the types themselves will be gone, so you will have to look at what is going on and guess if something is a struct or an array. How big is the struct and what are the fields?

Left over debug or logging lines are very valuable in figuring out what something is. Often times you have to go over a piece of disassembly or decompiled code several times as your understanding of it gradually builds.

C++ code with lots of object orientation tends to be easier to figure out the big picture of than C code, as the classes and inheritance provides a more obvious pattern.

Then there is dynamic tracing (running under some sort of debugger or call tracer to see what the software does). I have not had as much success with this.

Note that I’m absolutely an amateur at reverse engineering. I thought it was interesting enough that I wanted to learn it (and I had a small project where it was useful). But I’m mostly a programmer.

I have done a lot of low level programming (C, C++, even a small amount of assembly, in recent times a lot of Rust), and this knowledge helps when reverse engineering. You need to understand how compilers and linkers lowers code to machine code in order to have a fighting chance at reversing that.

Also note that there may be legal complications when doing reverse engineering, especially with regards to how you make use of the things you learned. I’m not a lawyer, this is not legal advice, etc. But check out the legal guidelines of Asahi Linux (who are working on reverse engineering M1 macs to run Linux on them): https://asahilinux.org/copyright/ (scroll down to “reverse engineering policy”).

Now this covers (at a high level) how to figure things out. How you then patch closed source software I have no idea. Haven’t looked into that, as my interest was in figuring out how hardware and drivers worked to make open source software talk to said hardware.

I have read it, it is a very good book, and the memory ordering and atomics sections are also applicable to C and C++ since all of these languages use the same memory ordering model.

Can strongly recommend it if you want to do any low level concurrency (which I do in my C++ day job). I recommended it to my colleagues too whenever they had occasion to look at such code.

I do wish there was a bit more on more obscure and advanced patterns though. Things like RCU, seqlocks etc basically get an honorable mention in chapter 10.

Yes, Sweden really screwed up the first attempt at switching to Gregorian calendar. But there were also multiple countries who switched back and forth a couple of times. Or Switzerland where each administrative region switched separately.

But I think we in Sweden still “win” for worst screw up. Also, there is no good way to handle these dates without specific reference to precise location and which calender they refer to (timestamps will be ambiguous when switching back to Julian calendar).

I would go with the Arch specific https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/aconfmgr-git instead of ansible, since it can save current system state as well. I use it and love it. See another reply on this post for a slightly deeper discussion on it.

I can second this, I use aconfmgr and love it. Especially useful to manage multiple computers (desktop, laptop, old computer doing other things etc).

Though I’m currently planning to rewrite it since it doesn’t seem maintained any more, and I want a multi-distro solution (because I also want to use it on my Pis where I run Raspbians). The rewrite will be in Rust, and I’m currently deciding on what configuration language to use. I’m leaning towards rhai (because it seems easy to integrate from the rust side, and I’m not getting too angry at the language when reading the docs for it). Oh and one component for it is already written and published: https://github.com/VorpalBlade/paketkoll is a fast rust replacement for paccheck (that is used internally by aconfmgr to find files that differ).

I went ahead and implemented support for filtering packages (just made a new release: v0.1.3).

I am of course still faster. Here are two examples that show a small package (where it doesn’t really matter that much) and a huge package (where it makes a massive difference). Excuse the strange paths, this is straight from the development tree.

Lets check on pacman itself, and lets include config files too (not sure if pacman has that option even?). Config files or not doesn’t make a measurable difference though:

$ hyperfine -i -N --warmup 1 "./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman" "pacman -Qkk pacman"
Benchmark 1: ./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman
  Time (mean ± σ):      14.0 ms ±   0.2 ms    [User: 21.1 ms, System: 19.0 ms]
  Range (min … max):    13.4 ms …  14.5 ms    216 runs
 
  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.
 
Benchmark 2: pacman -Qkk pacman
  Time (mean ± σ):      20.2 ms ±   0.2 ms    [User: 11.2 ms, System: 8.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):    19.9 ms …  21.1 ms    147 runs
 
Summary
  ./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman ran
    1.44 ± 0.02 times faster than pacman -Qkk pacman

Lets check on davici-resolve as well. Which is massive (5.89 GB):

$ hyperfine -i -N --warmup 1 "./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman davinci-resolve" "pacman -Qkk pacman davinci-resolve"
Benchmark 1: ./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman davinci-resolve
  Time (mean ± σ):     770.8 ms ±   4.3 ms    [User: 2891.2 ms, System: 641.5 ms]
  Range (min … max):   765.8 ms … 778.7 ms    10 runs
 
  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.
 
Benchmark 2: pacman -Qkk pacman davinci-resolve
  Time (mean ± σ):     10.589 s ±  0.018 s    [User: 9.371 s, System: 1.207 s]
  Range (min … max):   10.550 s … 10.620 s    10 runs
 
  Warning: Ignoring non-zero exit code.
 
Summary
  ./target/release/paketkoll --config-files=include pacman davinci-resolve ran
   13.74 ± 0.08 times faster than pacman -Qkk pacman davinci-resolve

What about a some midsized packages (vtk 359 MB, linux 131 MB)?

$ hyperfine -i -N --warmup 1 "./target/release/paketkoll vtk" "pacman -Qkk vtk"
Benchmark 1: ./target/release/paketkoll vtk
  Time (mean ± σ):      46.4 ms ±   0.6 ms    [User: 204.9 ms, System: 93.4 ms]
  Range (min … max):    45.7 ms …  48.8 ms    65 runs
 
Benchmark 2: pacman -Qkk vtk
  Time (mean ± σ):     702.7 ms ±   4.4 ms    [User: 590.0 ms, System: 109.9 ms]
  Range (min … max):   698.6 ms … 710.6 ms    10 runs
 
Summary
  ./target/release/paketkoll vtk ran
   15.15 ± 0.23 times faster than pacman -Qkk vtk

$ hyperfine -i -N --warmup 1 "./target/release/paketkoll linux" "pacman -Qkk linux"
Benchmark 1: ./target/release/paketkoll linux
  Time (mean ± σ):      34.9 ms ±   0.3 ms    [User: 95.0 ms, System: 78.2 ms]
  Range (min … max):    34.2 ms …  36.4 ms    84 runs
 
Benchmark 2: pacman -Qkk linux
  Time (mean ± σ):     313.9 ms ±   0.4 ms    [User: 233.6 ms, System: 79.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):   313.4 ms … 314.5 ms    10 runs
 
Summary
  ./target/release/paketkoll linux ran
    9.00 ± 0.09 times faster than pacman -Qkk linux

For small sizes where neither tool performs much work, the majority is spent on fixed overheads that both tools have (loading the binary, setting up glibc internals, parsing the command line arguments, etc). For medium sizes paketkoll pulls ahead quite rapidly. And for large sizes pacman is painfully slow.

Just for laughs I decided to check an empty meta-package (base, 0 bytes). Here pacman actually beats paketkoll, slightly. Not a useful scenario, but for full transparency I should include it:

$ hyperfine -i -N --warmup 1 "./target/release/paketkoll base" "pacman -Qkk base"
Benchmark 1: ./target/release/paketkoll base
  Time (mean ± σ):      13.3 ms ±   0.2 ms    [User: 15.3 ms, System: 18.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):    12.8 ms …  14.1 ms    218 runs
 
Benchmark 2: pacman -Qkk base
  Time (mean ± σ):       8.8 ms ±   0.2 ms    [User: 2.8 ms, System: 5.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):     8.4 ms …  10.0 ms    327 runs
 
Summary
  pacman -Qkk base ran
    1.52 ± 0.05 times faster than ./target/release/paketkoll base

I always start a threadpool regardless of if I have work to do (and changing that would slow the case I actually care about). That is the most likely cause of this slightly larger fixed overhead.

My guess is that the relevant keyword for the choice of OpenSSL is FIPS. Rusttls doesn’t (or at least didn’t) have that certification, which matters if you are dealing with US government (directly or indirectly). I believe there is an alternative backend (instead of ring) these days that does have FIPS though.

It very much is (as I even acknowledge at the end of the github README). 😀