Putting aside any opinions on performance, I’ve been trying to test a notion about whether a couple queries would output the same data (ordering doesn’t matter).

SELECT *
FROM articles
WHERE (
  last_updated >= %s
  OR id IN (1, 2, 3)
  )
  AND created_at IS NOT NULL

SELECT *
FROM articles
WHERE last_updated >= %s
  AND created_at IS NOT NULL
UNION
SELECT *
FROM articles
WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)
  AND created_at IS NOT NULL

I think they’re equivalent, but I can’t prove it to myself.

Edit: Aye, looking at the replies, I’m becoming aware that I left out a couple key assumptions I’ve made. Assuming:

a) id is a PRIMARY KEY (or otherwise UNIQUE)

b) I mean equivalent insofar as “the rows returned will contain equivalent data same (though maybe ordered differently)”